Learning and Development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning and Development - Coursework Example Another issue is the challenge of providing expert training from a centralized resource. There is need to centralize and diversify training programs from the headquarters to the branch offices. This will cut down on costs of training and effectiveness at the branch offices. Another issue facing the Ventura organization is the need to deliver training against very tight timetables. This is because when anew client is acquired there is a need to deliver the requirements needed by the customer in a timely manner without the client experiencing any level of uncertainty as relates to service provision according to Harrison (2009, p. 29) By allowing employees to attend conferences that focus on topics of relevance to their position and the organization and ensuring that the organization have the employee make a presentation to other staff as a way of promoting the individuals learning experience and as a way of enhancing the organization. This should act as some form of off-the-job learning. By selecting the best of these opportunities and coming up with critical incident notes for staff to learn from and apply in their daily work life. For example a case of a client complaint that was handled effectively. By writing a brief summary of the incident and identifying the employees actions that led to a successful resolution and then sharing the notes with the employee involved and with others as appropriate. Alternately, if the situation was not handled well, it is again important to write a brief description of the incident plus identifying areas for improvement. Fieldtrips can be seen as an off-the-job activity. It is important to do a follow up the field trip by having staff share and explain to the rest what they have learned and how they can apply that learning to the organization. There are several tools can be made available to employees to help them perform better in their jobs. These tools can range from; manuals, procedural guidelines,

Journal entry (economics topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal entry (economics topic) - Essay Example erefore, given that in times of economic crisis there is decreased tax revenue it became important to establish measures to resolve decreased revenues as a result of decline in profits, incomes, consumptions or increase in tax evasion (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian, 2011). VAT has also increased its relevancy to bridge the gap that government have in national debt. VAT is administered effectively and has enabled some country reduce their national debt without raising the direct taxes on capital and labor (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian, 2011). Therefore, VAT has been a powerful tool that enables economies address the macroeconomic issue such as unemployment and investment without disrupting the operation of a country. In conclusion, the government may increase or decrease the charge on VAT to address the economic crisis of the day rather than resulting to other measures to increase tax receipt. However, there are macroeconomic consequences with little severity compared to other alternative ways of raising revenue. VAT has become one the largest indirect tax and considered as a tax for the future. It is successful and does not burden one source only as it is shared among producers and users (Ramona, Ionut, & Cristian,

The Equal Rights Amendment

The Equal Rights Amendment Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of sex. (Eracampaign.com) The truth about the Equal Rights Amendment is that technically, under the constitution, women do not have the same rights as men do. Equality: the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. (dictionary.com) Every citizen in the United States, is striving to be equal as every other American, but the truth is the United States Constitution does not state that men and women have equal rights. The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in 1923. Fifteen states choose not to ratify the amendment, these states include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, and Virginia. The mission of the Equal Rights Amendment is to confirm, and ratify an amendment that states, men and women have the same equal rights as one another. Alice Paul was the citizen who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment, and strived to show a greater message in her journey. Her message had become so widely popular, that it was more commonly referred as the Alice Paul Amendment then the Equal Rights Amendment. (equalrightsamendment.org) We are a national, non-partisan, single-issue, grassroots organization. Our mission is to build solidarity among Americans for ratifying and promulgating the Equal Rights Amendment to the US Constitution. (4era.org) The previous quotation is from a well known organization called 4era. The main purpose of this organization is to educated citizens of the need to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, so that both men and women are considered as equals. The view point of 4era is that they are trying to promote a true progression of a realistic democracy, and improve the United States society as a whole. This organization has conducted many different petitions and poles, to show what American citizens think about the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Another organization that has become widely popular is NOW, which has a similar mission that they are trying to receive. Some of the founders of NOW were Gene Boyer (1925-2003), Kathryn Clarenbach (1920-1994), and Inez Casiano (1926). In 1967 (NOW) ledges to fight until the ratification of ERA is put into place. (womenhistory.about.com) A majority of 4era reasoning for ratifying the constitution come from the many poles and petitions that they provide for United States citizens to take. In July 2001, 4era a survey was conducted for the Era Campaign Network in order to see a clear view of the American population. This survey involved 1,002 adults, comprising 500 men and 502 women- 18 years of age or older, living in private households in the continental United States. 4era conducts their surveys with the most advanced methods and technologies that are available to them. 95% of men agreed that men and women should have equal rights. 97% of women agreed that men and women should have equal rights. As far as you know, does the constitution make it clear that men and women citizens are suppose to have equal rights? 72% said yes. 18% said no. 10% said that they did not know. In your opinion, should the constitution make it clear that female and male citizens are supposed to have equal rights? 88% said yes. 9% said no. 3% said that they didnt know. This survey ended up showing that a majority of American citizens think that it is important that it is put into the constitution that men and women have equal rights. (eracampaign.net) There are several reasons why many organizations are for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Firstly, it would provide a constitutional and legal reason for both men, and women to have equal opportunities. This would end discrimination in the workplace, and any other institution that may be discriminate because of sex. In There would be no question of discrimination against either sex, because there rights would officially be protected in the U.S. Constitution. There are also several organizations that are against the ratification the amendment, including an organization called the Campaign Committee against the Equal Rights Amendment, though it later was disbanded in Feb.1939, for lack of money to keep the organization going. (now.org) Secondly, the Equal Rights Amendment would help clarify the status of sex discrimination for the courts. (equalrightsamendment.org) From then on, sex would be a determining factor for suspect classification, just as other factors are including different races. Men and women would have to be treated the same when it would come to such matters. Both sexes would receive the same equal treatment, when dealing with criminal facilities, and the treatment that they receive in these facilities while serving time. Lastly, in many American citizens opinions it would send a strong message to the entire United States of America. The fact is that there is no specific part of the amendment where is states that men and women are constitutionally allowed to have the same rights. In many peoples opinions, if the ratification doesnt happen soon the discrimination of women will become even harsher. The message that it would be sending is- the constitution has zero tolerance for sex discrimination under the law. The ERA is suspected to be very helpful. (equalrightsamendment.org) The Equal Rights Amendment will be very beneficial towards women, but it will also help other people, including males. For example, males that work in a workplace with more women typically do not get the salary that the females receive; if this amendment is past it will change this. Though not as severe, there is some discrimination against men in the US. There have been some cases in the past were American women have a child overseas. Under the constitution, that child will automatically become an American citizen. It is not the same for men, if a child is both from an American man, but not an American women, the child would not be American. If the Equal Rights Amendment is past it will change this, so these situations would no longer cause problems. (4era.org) There are many myths involving after the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. The first myth is that ERA will mean that women will have to be drafted along with men. This statement is incorrect. The truth is Congress already has the power to do so, even if this amendment is not passed. Women can still be drafted if they were needed to serve for their country. Article 1, section 8 of the constitution gives Congress the power to raise armies but does not specify gender or age limitations. (4era.org) The second myth that is commonly heard is the Era will allow same sex marriages across the United States. This is also untrue. Though in the ERA it states that men and women are guaranteed the same rights, but it does not state anything about marriage. When it states sex in the constitution it is only referring to gender, this also has the same stating in the 19th Amendment. The 19th Amendment also gives women the right to vote. Same-sex marriage is not covered in the ERA, and will not change after the ratification of the ERA. (4era.org) The third myth is that this amendment will not have any purpose because the rights of women are already protected under the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment states, No state shall make, nor enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; now deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.(eracampaign.net). In actuality, there is no part of the amendment that says women are guaranteed the same rights as men are. The main purpose of passing the 14th amendment was to guarantee that African Americans were given the same rights, though African American women are not guaranteed under this amendment, as well as any other females. Though the 14th amendment has helped women a lot in the past, will different cases of discrimination, it is not a sure thing. There are many important people that have put the problem of womens rights into perspective. Betty Friedan led the National Organization for Women to its active support of the Equal Rights Amendment. Alice Paul was the main reason for ERA; she introduced the entire concept to the Congress in 1923. Alice Paul died on July 9th, 1977 at the age of 92. Gloria Steinem was both a feminist and journalist. She was the key figure in the womens rights movement from 1969. She also founded Ms. Magazine. She was often attacked by radicalisms, because she was believed to only promote benefits for women of the middle class. She was a very outspoken advocate for the ERA, and helped found the Nationals Women Political Caucus. She once quoted this, I have met brave women who are exploring the outer edge of human possibility, with no history to guide them, and with courage to make them vulnerable that I find moving beyond words. (womenshistory.about.com) There has been some controversy over the ERA, because some people are worried that it will have a negative effect on society. Though there have been similar problems in the past that have been resolved the same way. During the Civil War Act helped many people, including African Americans. Racism was a very huge issue, but after the Act was passed racism was no longer a factor and was no longer tolerated in the United States. The Equal Rights Amendment is very similar to the Civil War Acts. Just like the Civil War Acts eliminated the issue of racism, the Equal Rights Amendment will eliminate the issue of sex discrimination. (equalrightsamendment.org) In many citizens opinions, the time for the ratification has past and that there is no longer a chance that it will get ratified. Though, with the election of Barack Obama (2008 president) , many other people think that this is the perfect time for ratification. During an awards ceremony, a representative from the National Womens Political Caucus on July 14, 2009, that she wished to pursue trying to get the amendment ratified even further. During the assemble she announced, If we can get it to the floor, it can pass. This representative said that she was going to present the ideas to Congress on July 21, 2009. Though for different reasons, she was never able to present her ideas to Congress. (womenissues.about.com) There are been many recent events that have involved the ERA discussion, up-to-date members are still voting to expand the constitutional amendment strategy that would end any discrimination based on the qualities of sex, race, sexual orientation, marital status, ethnicity, national origin, color, or indigence. Members also call for further study of age, and the troubles that classes that are involved with the struggles of trying to get constitutional equality between all Americans. In my opinion I think that ratifying the amendment would solve a lot of discrimination problems that are faced every day in America. The National Constitutional Equality Amendment (CEA) Committee continues to look over the amendment. This organization produces much different information that is available to all of the public, so they can be educated on the topic. (now.org) Equality is a quality that cannot just be given to a person. It must be earned and achieved, by hard work, and determination. Though the ratification has been rejected in the past, many people feel the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment is needed, so that not only women no longer have to deal with discrimination, but every American have there our equality. Future events will shape what will happen with the Equal Rights Amendment, and the ratification of such amendment, but for now, the true is, under the Constitution of the United States of America women to not have equal rights such as men do. Work Cited Page Harper, Douglas. Equality. Houghton Mifflin Company, Web. 3 May 2010. . Lowen, Linda. What is the Equal Rights Amendment or ERA?. The New York Times Company., 20 July 2009. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. . Unknown. Chronology of the Equal Rights Amendment, 1923-1996. National Organization for Women, Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown. ERA Campaign Network . ERA Campaign Network, 30 June 2009 . Web. 20 Apr. 2010. . Unknown . Equal Rights Amendment . Alice Paul Institute, Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown . The Equal Rights Amendment . N.p. , 18 Apr. 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown Womens History. Equal Rights Amendment . The New York Times Company., Web. 19 Apr. 2010.

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory Essays

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory ABSTRACT: Spohn's decision model, an advancement of Fishburn's theory, is valuable for making explicit the principle used also by other thinkers that 'any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilities for acts.' This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey or of Luce and Krantz. According to Spohn, this principle is important because it has effects on the term of action, on Newcomb's problem, and on the theory of causality and the freedom of the will. On the one hand, I will argue against Spohn with Jeffrey that the principle has to be given up. On the other, I will try to argue against Jeffrey that the decision-maker ascribes subjective probabilities to actions on the condition of the given decision situation. Spohn's (1977, 1978) decision model, an advancement of Fishburn's theory (1964), is valuable for making explicit a principle which is used by Savage (1954/1972) and Fishburn (1964). The principle is the following: "Any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilites for acts." (1) (Spohn 1977, p. 114) This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey (1965, 1983) and of Luce and Krantz (1971). According to Spohn (1977) this principle is important, because it has implications for the concept of action, Newcomb's problem, theory of causality and freedom of will. On the one hand I will try to argue against Spohn (1977, 1978) with Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the principle has to be given up. On the other hand I will try to argue against Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the decision-maker ascri... ..., I. (1982), "A Note on Newcombmania", The Journal of Philosophy 79: 337-342. Lewis, D. (1981), "Causal Decision Theory", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59: 5-30. Luce, R. D. and Krantz, D. H. (1971), "Conditional Expected Utility", Econometrica 39: 253-271. Nozick, R. (1969), "Newcomb's Problem and Two Principles of Choice", in N. Rescher et al. (eds.), Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel, Reidel, Dordrecht: 114-146. Savage, L. J. (1954/1972), "The Foundations of Statistics", Wiley, New York, Dover. Skyrms, B. (1980), "Causal Necessity", Yale University Press, New Haven, London. Spohn, W. (1977), "Where Luce and Krantz Do Really Generalize Savage's Decision Model", Erkenntnis 11: 113-134. Spohn, W. (1978), "Grundlagen der Entscheidungstheorie", Monographien: Wissenschaftstheorie und Grundlagenforschung vol. 8, Scriptor Verlag, Kronberg/Ts.

Periyar’s Self Respect Movement

COLLECTIVE ACTION AND COOPERATION ASSIGNMNET PERIYAR’S SELF RESPECT MOVEMENT SUBMITTED TO: Prof. Sony Pellissery SUBMITTED BY: Ashish Chaturvedi (29042) Avinash Dwarapu (29014) INSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT ANAND 2008 Self Respect Movement was started by E. V Ramasamy Naicker. He was popularly known as â€Å"Thanthai Periyar†. This movement was intended to provide equal rights to non Brahmin backward castes in Tamil Nadu. All through his life, Periyar fought against Brahmin domination. E. V Ramasamy Naicker was born on 18th November in 1879. He was born in a rich high class family. He was a normal kid in every means. He left school at an early age of twelve and joined his father’s business. He got married to Nagammai at the age of nineteen and started handling his father’s business after his father’s death. Very soon, he became well acquainted with the business. Periyar later entered politics. Periyar entered the public scene with the formation of Madras Presidency Association in 1917. It is in this place that his convictions and ideals were strengthened. He was known for taking ecisions on his own without the influence or pressure from others. At this time he showed some affiliation towards the congress party. He found the ideals of Congress party such as removal of untouchability, prohibition, improvement in the condition of masses similar to his ideology. He joined congress in 1919. He became a staunch follower of Gandhian principles. In 1920 Gandhiji started the non cooperation movement. Periyar closed down his whole sale business for the cause and also in order to fully work for the congress. His commendable work during the Temperance Movement and Khalar Movement and also the Vaikom satyagraha made him very popular. He was given the title of Vaikom Veerar (Vaikom Hero). Slowly Periyar started loosing faith in the principles of congress party, because he felt that some leaders in the party itself were trying to spread differences based upon community. He was also in opposition to Gandhi’s and Nehru’s meaning of freedom. Gandhi’s meaning of freedom had a religious attachment to it, which Periyar never agreed upon. Nehru freedom will be achieved only when we will be free from the clutches of the British. But periyar felt that true freedom means when one is free from all inequalities and everyone is the same in all conditions. This loss of faith in the principles of Congress, forced him to leave congress. Apart from this he was also very disturbed by the inequalities present in the society. He realized that the upper classes (the Brahmins) were the main people who were propagating the inequalities. Incidents such as Kashi yatra and Vaikom were the seeds for Self respect movement. Periyar at the age of 25 went Varanasi because it was believed to be a very holy place. When he went there he noticed that Brahmins were being given better treatment. Periyar being a non Brahmin was not given any food. He was also not allowed to live in the hostel because it was meant for the Brahmins. This experience made him completely against Hinduism. The other event that hurt him more than the previous was that which happened in Vaikom in Kerala. At Vaikom, the lower caste people were not even allowed to walk or pass through the streets where there were temples. These incidents really frustrated Periyar and he decided to start a movement against these social evils that treated people irrationally on the basis of the caste they took birth in. He was completely dejected to be a part of the social structure where one class of people claimed to be superior to others. Periyar belonged to upper class and an economically well-off family so in real terms he was not being affected by the situation. Hence he entered as an external agent in the whole scene to stand with these people and motivate them to raise their voices against the age old exploitations. His extra-rational intentions to start this movement were to completely eradicate untouchability and to establish a united society based on brotherhood and sisterhood. The incidents of exploitation and ill treatment to the backward classes kept on building the frustration amongst the neglected masses but the major incidents like Vaikom episode instigated people to rise against these exploitations. This incident can be looked from the convergence approach where frustration and impulse keeps on building, until a collective action is activated by an incident. This period was actually the time of social unrest because it was the time when the individual action was getting transformed into a collective action. The first Self Respect Conference was organized on 17th and 18th February Chegalpattu, Tamil Nadu where the main agendas related to tackling the situation of inequality were discussed. More than six thousand common people attended this conference basically to gain some insights regarding the social equality, social evils and ways of overcoming the forces of exploitation. Two more conferences took place in 1930 and 1931 with the common aim to make people realize the need for a movement to fight against all odds and demand equality. It was actually after the conference of 1931 that the Self Respect Movement gained momentum and people started realizing that caste differences should never be encouraged. They started to feel that there should be equality in terms of social and economical considerations. The social service rendered by Periyar thus helped in the liberation nd upliftment of the neglected masses and brought them into the mainstream of National Life. Through this movement, Periyar wanted to enlighten the people by uprooting their ignorance. He used public forums to give speeches and instigate people to bring about change in the institutions and values that lead to meaningless divisions and unjust discriminations. He stuck to non-violence methods such as speech and other similar propagandas. He advised people to change according to the requirem ents of the changing times and keep pace with the modern conditions. Periyar was of the opinion that everyone in politics was bound to turn dishonest and betray the cause he is working for. So he tried his best to keep political service and social service separate and kept away from politics completely. The Dravid Kazhagam party to which he belonged was also a social party and not a political one. Later, the political parties DMK and AIDMK were the offshoots of the Dravid Kazhagam party that still carry some similar ideologies of bringing economic and social equality in the society. This movement resulted in the change in the way people thought. Periyar was able to create this awakening among the people who had, for generations, got used to a subordinate position. They started recognising the importance of sending their children to school and demanding equal rights and status. The important results of the movement were self-respect for the backward classes, reduction in the domination by Brahmins, social reform, economic equality to the backward classes, eradication of caste, removal of caste names. There were some other achievements that were not under the agenda of the movement in the beginning but were achieved during the course of this movement like upliftment and equal rights for women and inter-caste marriages. The laudable social progress that has been achieved now in Tamil Nadu can be attributed to the Self-Respect Movement and the tireless propaganda conducted by Periyar over the years. References: 1. Social movements in India- Rao, M. S. A 2. A research paper by Louis Antony (http://snphilosophers2005. tripod. com/louis. pdf) 3. http://www. thanthaiperiyar. org/political-career/self-respect-movement/

Review Low Back Pain Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

In publically provided health care systems, limited resources coupled with limitless demands result in determinations holding to be made about the efficient allotment of scarce resources. This rationing of the services raises inquiries of how services should be provided ( for illustration, how should patients with alone wellness conditions such as nephritic failure/cancer be treated? Should centralised clinics with increased expertness, but increased travel clip for patients, be introduced? ) . Should we prioritize certain wellness conditions more than others based on quality added life old ages? Given the deficiency of a market for wellness attention ( Free wellness attention in UK ) , economic rating techniques try to inform such determinations. This essay aims to critically research the Outcome rating techniques such as QALY ‘s, Contingent Valuation ( Willingness to pay ) and distinct pick experiment for the intervention of Low back hurting and dementedness.Low Back hurting & A ; Dementia:Low back hurting is a common ailment and although non dangerous, it causes great uncomfortableness and has significant economical impact. In Netherlands, the entire costs of low back hurting have been estimated at 1.7 % of the Gross National Product. It has been estimated that the costs of production losingss account for approximately 84 % to 96 % of the entire costs for low back hurting in Western societies. In the UK, an estimated 16 % of the grownup population consult their general practician for aid with back hurting in a 12-month period. The one-year cost of lower dorsum hurting to the NHS has been estimated at approx ?480 million and the load of lower dorsum hurting is estimated at over approx ?10 billion per twelvemonth in foo tings of lost productiveness and illness benefits. The major societal and economic loss due to moo back hurting indicates the demand to find the most cost-efficient intercession for these patients. Low back hurting is a slackly coined term as it encompasses multiple and complex conditions which requires a varied direction attack. The direction of the status is based on its anatomy, physiology and continuance of the symptoms and hence the cost of handling it varies. Therefore accurate economic rating of low back hurting may be end far in front. However for the intents of this essay Low back hurting is dealt as one status for economic rating techniques. â€Å" Dementia is a progressive and mostly irreversible clinical syndrome that is characterised by a widespread damage of mental map † ( NICE 2006 ) . Although many people with dementedness retain positive personality traits and personal properties, as their status progresses they can see some or all of the undermentioned: memory loss, linguistic communication damage, freak out, alterations in personality, troubles with activities of day-to-day life, self-neglect, psychiatric symptoms ( for illustration, apathy, depression or psychosis ) and out-of-character behavior ( for illustration, aggression, sleep perturbation. Dementia is associated with complex demands and, particularly in the ulterior phases, high degrees of dependence and morbidity. This attention needs frequently challenge the accomplishments and capacity of carers and services. As the status progresses, people with dementedness can show carers and societal attention staff with complex jobs including aggressive behavior, restlessness and roving, eating jobs, incontinency, psychotic beliefs and hallucinations, and mobility troubles that can take to falls and breaks. The impact of dementedness on an person may be compounded by personal fortunes such as alterations in fiscal position and adjustment, or mourning. These two conditions are distinguishable in nature as the affected age groups vary between these two conditions and hence the economic impact on society. Furthermore direction of dementedness involves an integrated attention between wellness and societal systems.Quality Adjusted Life Year ‘s ( QALY ‘s ) :â€Å" A quality-adjusted life-year ( QALY ) takes into history both the measure and quality of life generated by healthcare intercessions. It is the arithmetic merchandise of life anticipation and a step of the quality of the staying life-years. â€Å" ( NICE, 2008 ) A QALY places a weight on clip in different wellness provinces. A twelvemonth of perfect wellness is deserving 1 and a twelvemonth of less than perfect wellness is worth less than 1. Death is considered to be tantamount to 0 ; nevertheless, some wellness provinces may be considered worse than decease and have negative tonss. QALYs provide a common currency to measure the extent of the benefits gained from a assortment of intercessions in footings of wellness related quality of life and endurance for the patient. When combined with the costs of supplying the intercessions, cost-utility ratios result ; these indicate the extra costs required to bring forth a twelvemonth of perfect wellness ( one QALY ) . Comparisons can be made between intercessions, and precedences can be established based on those intercessions that are comparatively cheap ( low cost per QALY ) and those that are comparatively expensive ( high cost per QALY ) . However, the usage of QALYs in resource allotment determinations does intend that picks between patient groups viing for medical attention are made expressed and commissioners are given an penetration into the likely benefits from puting in new engineerings and therapies. While QALYs provide an indicant of the benefits gained from a assortment of intervention processs, in footings of quality of life and endurance for patients, they are far from perfect as a step of result ( NICE, 2008 ) . For illustration, the usage of QALYs as a individual result step for economic rating means that of import wellness effects are excluded. QALYs besides suffer from a deficiency of sensitiveness when comparing the efficaciousness of two viing but similar drugs and in the intervention of less terrible wellness jobs. Chronic diseases, where quality of life is a major issue and survival less of an issue, are hard to suit in the QALY context, and there is a inclination to fall back to the usage of disease-specific steps of quality of life ( Philips, 2009 ) Similarly, preventative steps, where the impact on wellness results may non happen for many old ages, may be hard to quantify utilizing QALYs because the importance attached to each of the wellness dimensions is extremel y dependent on age, life context and life duties. For illustration, it is really hard to compare the wellness position of a possible title-holder who suffers a hamstring pang in the warm-up session with that of an aged individual who has been restored to some step of mobility as a consequence of an intercession. Further unfavorable judgments have surrounded the unequal weight attached to emotional and mental wellness jobs, and the deficiency of consideration of the impact of wellness jobs on the quality of life of carers and other household members, while much argument environments who should be involved in puting values on wellness provinces ( Nord et al 1999 ) . Discussion has besides focused on how much society should be prepared to pay for a QALY. While there is a grade of consensus that it should by and large be between ?20,000 and ?30,000, considerable argument has arisen in relation to, for illustration, interventions used at the terminal of life or for ultra-orphan condition s, where higher thresholds have been advocated and used. However, the usage of QALYs in resource allotment determinations does intend that picks between patient groups viing for medical attention are made expressed. Commissioners are progressively faced with resource restraints and have to prioritize their outgo against an ceaseless flow of new engineerings and therapies that all claim to heighten the wellness position of peculiar patient groups. QALYs and cost-utility analysis provide extra information for decision-makers as they grapple with turn toing the healthcare quandary of where to apportion resources to bring forth the maximal wellness benefits for their communities and society as a whole ( Philips 2009 ) . Although the usage of QALYs is backed by a strong research docket, of import methodological issues still remain to be resolved. For illustration, different rating techniques give rise to incompatibilities in public-service corporation values for similar wellness provinces, doing serious dependability jobs. Another good known but unsolved issue concerns the difference between the public-service corporation of a wellness province expected by healthy individuals and the public-service corporation of this wellness province really experienced by patients, frequently confounded by version to disablement and disease. This raises farther concerns about the content cogency of derived QALYs.Low back Pain- QALY ‘s as Outcome Measure:Management of Low back pain chiefly constitutes of Physiotherapy, Osteopath, stylostixis and other curative modes with lesser medical/surgical intercessions. This displacement of direction attack has added benefit in economic footings. A assortment of these in tercessions are available for low back hurting but the effectivity for most intercessions has non yet been assessed. Recent literature indicates that exercising therapy, behavioral therapy, and back school plans are the most promising intercessions. Several cost-effectiveness analyses of exercising therapy was performed. However, the analyses were hard to compare due to heterogeneousness in the survey population and therapies to which the intercessions were compared. Goossens et Al, 1998 found no statistically important differences in cost effectivity between behavioral therapies. A cost-effectiveness survey of back schools showed that a low strength back school was more cost effectual than usual attention and a high strength back school. Two surveies found a important decrease in absenteeism for a ranked activity plan in occupational wellness attention. Van Der Roer et Al, 2008 studies the consequences of an economic rating performed alongside a randomized controlled test comparing an intensive group developing protocol to physiotherapy guideline attention. They studied the cost effectivity of an intensive group developing protocol versus guideline physical therapy in patients with nonspecific chronic low back hurting. The direct wellness attention costs were significantly higher for patients in the protocol group, due to the comparatively high costs of the protocol itself. No important differences were found for functional position, hurting strength, general perceived consequence, and quality of life. As there were no important differences in entire costs, they concluded that the intensive group developing protocol was non cost effectual compared with guideline physical therapy. A restriction of this survey is the limited figure of patients who participated in the test. Particularly for observing relevant differences in costs, big Numberss of patients are required, because cost informations have a typically skewed distribution. A matter-of-fact survey by Duncan et Al, 2007 compared the effectivity and cost-effectiveness of three sorts of physical therapy normally used to cut down disablement in chronic low back hurting. This survey used QALY as one of the result step to inform the economic benefits of these intercessions. Economic analysis is still unusual in rehabilitation surveies ; yet in this test, it reveals of import differences between intercessions that are non evident from clinical result steps. Promoting self-help is an of import purpose in back hurting direction and economic analysis is a agency of quantifying how successfully this has been achieved. Because low back hurting has such high societal and wellness service costs, including an economic analysis in future rehabilitation tests helps policy-makers to make up one's mind how to pass limited health care resources. This highlights the benefits of usage of QALY ‘s in Low Back hurting surveies.QALY ‘s in Dementia:Using QALY ‘s as an economic rating tool for measuring dementedness has invited immense unfavorable judgments by medical opposite numbers every bit good as the pharmacological medicine industry. One of the statements is that Dementia is a multifaceted job which spans across wellness and societal attention and QALY ‘s are non sensitive plenty to pick up these issues. The value set by NICE for per QALY twelvemonth is non sufficient in dementedness as primary intervention involves drug intervention and value added life for a aged individual is non reflected good plenty utilizing a QALY. Furthermore, the effort to utilize a individual QALY criterion on all patients has non been without contention. The recent determination by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , to curtail usage of Alzheimer ‘s disease ( AD ) drugs in all but the most earnestly sick patients, those with advanced phases of the disease, was met with a whirlpool of unfavorable judgment by patient protago nism groups, doctors, and industry administrations. The controversial NICE determination was based on the judgement that the four available AD drugs ( donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine ) were non â€Å" cost-efficient † ( NICE 2006 ) . Due to this complex wellness and societal attention impact caused by dementedness the result rating utilizing QALY ‘s does non reflect the existent demand whereas a WTP and Discrete pick experiment might be an more appropriate tool. Furthermore QALY ‘s does non measure the impact of the wellness status on the carers and relations which will be the instance with dementedness whereas a WTP or a DCE will take this into history.Discrete Choice Experiment ( DCE ) :Discrete pick experiments are an property based step of benefit that is based on the premises that foremost, healthcare intercessions, services, or policies can be described by their features ( or attributes ) and secondly, an person ‘s rating depends on the degrees of these features ( Ryan et al 1997 ) . Discrete pick experiments were introduced into wellness economic sciences as a technique to travel beyond the quality adjusted life twelvemonth ( QALY ) paradigm. Users were concerned with many facets of wellness attention beyond wellness results. Such factors included waiting clip, location of intervention, type of attention ( for illustration, surgical or medical ) , and staff supplying attention ( adviser or specializer nurse ) and were referred to as procedure properties. Discrete pick experiments allow probe of the tradeoffs between such procedure and wellness results attributes ( Ryan et al 2003 ) . Applications of distinct pick experiments have been extended to see supplier penchants such as strength of infirmary advisers ‘ penchants for assorted facets of their work. More late the technique has been used to value wellness results in the proviso of attention ( frequently beyond those valued within the QALY ) . At the methodological degree, surveies find that respondents will finish distinct pick experiments in an internally valid and consistent mode ( Viney et al 2002 ) . An of import inquiry in the usage of any study technique is that of external validity-that is, do persons act in world as they province in a conjectural context? Although limited research has been conducted in this country and future research is clearly of import ( which is the instance for all economic rating techniques, including those used in the QALY model ) , experience from other countries such as the rating of environmental goods and services implies that we can be optimistic. Given the function of the NICE in doing recommendations refering optimum interventions, can it do usage of DCE? The institute is under increasing force per unit area to take history of patients ‘ penchants. To day of the month systematic consideration of such penchants has been limited. Typically public penchants are required to arouse quality weights in the QALY paradigm. This is non adequate since patients may value outcomes otherwise to the populace and have penchants over facets of attention beyond QALYs. NICE plans to hold a patient centred rating of engineerings in add-on to the current appraisals of clinical and cost effectivity. Using the attack of distinct pick experiments allows the integrating of patients ‘ values on all facets of attention in one step. We will be able to see how patients trade different wellness results every bit good as procedure type attributes, aboard each other. Evaluation of procedure and wellness results from the patients ‘ positio n may good take to decisions that struggle with the recommendations of the cost per QALY attack. This is more likely to be the instance in comparings of engineerings that differ with regard to outcomes beyond those measured in a QALY, every bit good as procedure properties. However DCE external cogency is problematic in wellness context as opposed to QALY. Hence in footings of dementedness DCE is a better attack to QALY and in instance of Low back hurting QALY is a better attack than DCE.Willingness to Pay ( WTP ) :Willingness to pay is the conjectural step where a person is willing to pay a pecuniary value for a intervention or merchandise and it can besides be expressed as the sum of trade off a individual is prepared to see for one intervention to another due to budgetary restraints. The suggestion is that wellness economic sciences lags behind other countries of economic sciences that have embraced these methods, in peculiar environmental economic sciences. Two chief methods hav e been employed in WTP: the ‘contingent rating method ‘ ( CVM ) and ‘choice experiments ‘ ( CE ) – the method once known as conjoint analysis. These methods have by and large been used to put a pecuniary value on a bundle of wellness and/or non-health benefits in the context of a specific intercession. Yet economic rating within the wellness attention field remains dominated by cost-effectiveness and cost-per-QALY analysis. Health attention remunerators have been loath to encompass cost-benefit analysis based on WTP methods ( Cookson, 2003 ) . And most wellness economic experts have preferred to polish the cost effectivity attack instead than to develop new WTP methods ( Cookson 2003 ) . Why is this? Advocates of WTP methods suggest it may be partially due to a common but erroneous perceptual experience that WTP surveies are ‘somehow supportive of policies aimed at taking the proviso of state-supplied wellness services ‘ ( Hanley et al 2003 ) . It may besides be due to the fact that stated penchant WTP methods suffer from two serious ( and perchance related ) measuring biases that render them unattractive to wellness attention determination shapers. First, WTP responses tend to be under sensitive – although non needfully wholly insensitive – to the magnitude of benefit ( Bateman et al 1997 ) . This includes both ‘scope effects ‘ , affecting different measures of the same good, and ‘nesting effects ‘ ( or 'embedding effects ‘ or ‘part-whole prejudice ‘ ) , affecting one good incorporated within a larger package of goods ( Bateman et al 1997 ) . Scope effects are peculiarly strong in relation to wellness hazards. Using high quality contingent rating study designs, and strict experimental methods, research workers have found that people tend to province a similar sum – approximately ?50 – for any given magnitude of decrease in the hazard of decease or hurt ( Beattie et al 1998 ) . This has the consequence of overstating implied pecuniary values for life and wellness for comparatively little hazard decreases. More by and large, under-sensitivity to the magnitude of benefit tends to blow up ratings of intercessions that yield comparatively little benefits. Second, WTP methods tend to blow up ratings of the specific intercession that respondents are asked about, comparative to intercessions that respondents are non asked about. Asking respondents to concentrate on one specific intercession in isolation Acts of the Apostless as a sort of amplifying glass for stated WTP, When asked to see an intercession in isolation, people are willing to pay amounts of money far in surplus of what they are willing to pay when asked to see the same intercession in relation to a scope of other intercessions. This is sometimes known as ‘budget restraint prejudice ‘ ( Mitchell et al 1989 ) . Unlike the rational economic adult male of standar d economic theory, study respondents may be unable to budget at the same time for the full scope of possible public and private goods and services they require. So valuing each point in isolation can take to sum sums of WTP in surplus of the available budget. WTP methods therefore tend to be biased in favor of ( 1 ) intercessions that deliver comparatively little benefits, and ( 2 ) the peculiar intercession being evaluated, as opposed to other 1s non being evaluated. These are serious defects in a wellness attention context, where the majority of economic rating activity is directed towards informing reimbursement determinations about dearly-won new wellness attention engineerings. These engineerings tend to offer incontrovertible but comparatively little wellness benefits. WTP methods take history of chance costs more exhaustively than cost-effectiveness analysis ( Oliver et al 2002 ) . Cost-effectiveness analysis takes history of chance costs utilizing an incremental cost-effectiveness threshold, which represents an expressed premise about the cost-effectiveness of a ‘typical ‘ alternate intercession. By contrast, WTP methods take history of chance costs by giving respondents the Willingness to pay and DCE in footings of Low back hurting is hard to quantify as it usually consequences in a conjectural value and QALY ‘s inform wellness related results in a better mode. However in instance of complex Low back pain a combination of these economic rating techniques will be more efficient instead than utilizing a QALY ‘s in isolation. With respects to dementia DCE and WTP tends to turn to the tradeoff every bit good as the Complex demands placed on the wellness and societal attention.DecisionEconomic rating techniques are important for the hereafter wellness attention resource allotment as rationing of these resources are acquiring harder due to fiscal restraints. Each of the economic rating techniques has its strengths and failings. However applied on the right context and in appropriate conditions makes it more efficient. Low back hurting and dementedness are alone wellness conditions with complex multifaceted jobs necessitating different economic rat ings to be efficient. However a combination of these techniques is important to turn to the inefficiencies of these techniques. Further research in these countries is indispensable to find the economic ratings of the wellness attention industry.

Comparing Theater and Cinema Essay Essays - English-language Films

Comparing Theater and Cinema Essay Essays - English-language Films Comparing Theater and Cinema Essay Comparing Theater and Cinema Essay ARTS/100 February 2, 2015 Lisa Turner Comparing Theater and Cinema Essay Jaws is a perfect movie. A movie that is the standard for the animal on the loose genre, and it is unlikely to ever be overshadowed. The movie preys on the human minds ability to construct horrors beyond any the screen can provide. The audience does not actually see the shark until an hour into the movie. But the shark isnt just a shark. The shark is a representation of consumerism in this memorable movie. Symbolism The shark in Jaws represents consumerism in society. This is first demonstrated in the scene where the sheriff, a recent transplant from New York and therefore an outsider to the town, tries to close down the beaches after learning of the first shark attack. The sheriff is confronted by the mayor and fathers of the town in the confined space of one of Amitys ferries, suggesting the islands isolation and dependence on beach-going summer tourists for its livelihood and survival (AMC Filmsite, n.d.). Amitys mayor informs the sheriff that he cannot close the beaches on his own authority, and must have a civic ordinance or resolution by the towns Board of Selectmen. Their one and only concern is what impact closing the islands beaches will have on the businesses in the exclusive town. The sheriff, symbolizing the everyman of society, is forced into a cover-up and ordered to keep the beaches open. Because of this decision, the relentless shark kills another member of the community. This ti me the victim is a child, yet people in town are still wary of drawing conclusions. We dont even know if theres a shark around here, argues the female motel owner (AMC Filmsite, n.d.). At a meeting of the towns elders, the sheriffs decision to close the beaches is once again vetoed by the mayor, who only authorizes a twenty-four hour closure. The sheriff is left helpless, emasculated, and speechless in front of the meeting (AMC Filmsite, n.d). The higher priority of revenue at the expense of beachgoers lives represents consumerism at its worst. Theatrical Production As a theatrical production, Jaws would best be performed as an American satirical musical in three acts. The cast would consist of puppet characters animated and voiced by actors/puppeteers who are present, unconcealed, and onstage but remain invisible relative to the story line, much like the current New York musical, Avenue Q. To assist in the illusion, the puppeteers would wear grey or black clothing in contrast to the characters colorful costumes. The set design would be simple, childlike scenes that would be easily rolled on and off the stage to change the scene settings. The musical would be scored simply for bass, drums and percussion, guitars, reeds, and piano or electronic keyboards. The shark would also be a character with a speaking role. He would be written as a tortured soul, who is a slave to his animal instincts, and the audience would be empathetic to his character, as he is consistently set up for failure by the townspeople of Amity. Despite the characters being port rayed by puppets, the show would not be appropriate for children to attend. Conclusion Widely written and dissected about by film historians and theorists, we continue to return to this amazing motion picture because it beckons us to. Whereas many great films contain a message or viewpoint that defines them as a product of their time, Jaws does the opposite (Deep Focus Review, 2012). The shark is open to interpretation by the viewer. The shark of Jaws represents consumerism. It is literally eating away the resources of wealth for the town of Amity. Jaws will never lose its potency as a film and a theatrical production would be an imaginative way to bring it into current popular culture. References AMC Filmsite. (n.d.). Retrieved from filmsite.org/jaws.html Deep Focus Review. (2012). Retrieved from deepfocusreview.com/reviews/jas.asp

Essay Essays

Essay Essays Essay Essay Essay Essay 22SOCIALSTRATIFICATIONHAROLDR. KERBOCalifornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis ObispoSince the earliest-known writings on the nature ofhuman societies, there has been recognition thatsocial stratification is a central part of all humanorganization (Lenski 1966). In hisPolitics,in 350 BCE,Aristotle wrote of the natural ranking of free people andslaves. More recently, during the Age of Enlightenment,philosophers such as Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieuwrote of the feudal system of social stratification and itsinequities (Zeitlin 1968; Strasser 1976). By the mid-1800s,the classic sociological theorists such as Marx, Durkheim,and Weber began more systematic analyses of system ofsocial stratification using concepts that remain with us tothis day.From the root wordstrata,we can recognize that socialstratification refers to a ranking of people or groups ofpeople within a society. But the term was defined by theearliest sociologists as something more than the almostuniversal inequalit ies that exist in all but the least complexof societies.Social stratificationrefers to a system withrather predictable rules behind the ranking of individualsand groups, which theories of social stratification aremeant to uncover and understand. The existence of asystem of social stratification also implies some form oflegitimation of the ranking of people and the unequal dis-tribution of valued goods, services, and prestige. Withoutbelief systems justifying the inequality and unequal rank-ing, it is unlikely that a stratification system would remainstable over time. Beyond agreement on a definition ofsocial stratification, however, the classic sociological theo-rists agreed on little else. From this classic period of soci-ology, we have, in fact, a triple legacy of socialstratification theories from the works of Karl Marx, EmileDurkheim, and Max Weber.More than anyone, it was Karl Marx Essay Essays Essay Essay Essay Essay It was nice Sunday night, I was having lunch with my girlfriend and we were deciding on what to do, I had mentioned to her that we I had to attend a live music performance in order to do my midterm paper. So we went home to check if there were any musical artists playing that day and sure enough there was a show at FitzGeralds night club at 6:00pm, Chicago Grandstand Big Band was going to be playing. We had no idea who that was but we made our way to Berwyn because it was quite a long drive and we got their just on time. It was quite a wonderful experience because neither of us had ever attended an event with a live musical group. Both of us were used to seeing Mexican bands at special family occasions but this was definitely different. I was taking notes throughout the performance because I knew I was going to forget all that I saw and heard that night.Besides attending the show, I also did some research about the band. I did not find much but they are well known in our area. Chicag o Grandstand Big Band has been an integral part of Chicagos entertainment community for over 30 years. They have performed all over the Chicagoland area, including Joe Segals Jazz Showcase, FitzGeralds, Joes Be-Bop Cafe, Grant Park Summer Dance, and numerous street fairs. They performed at the 25th anniversary of the Sears Tower. This band has been featured on WTTWs Wild Chicago and for many years, CGBB was the featured band at OHare Marriotts New Years Eve Ball. Members of the group have performed with the Count Basie, Maynard Ferguson, Tommy Dorsey, Les Elgart and Duke Ellington orchestras.This band has an extensive selection of arrangements that encompass’ everything from the Swing Era (Benny Goodman, Glen Miller, Artie Shaw, etc) to Big Band Jazz (Count Basie, Stan Kenton, Duke Ellington, Woody Herman etc.). Vocals include great standards such as When I Fall In Love, Orange Colored Sky, and It Had To Be You. The featured vocalist is Julie Ann Caselli, whose essay Essays essay Essay essay Essay essay BY slik5x Michael Foster 12/2/13 Parents Spying On Their Children In the article The Undercover Parent , written by Harlan Coben, Cobens arguement is about whether parents should use spyware on their childrens computers or to not use spyware because it show you have no respect for your children. I agree with Coben that parents should use spyware as preservation for their children on the worldwide web; resons such as responsibily protecting you hildren, worrying about their future, and concerning the dangers of the internet. Parents and adults should be able to spy on their children. An example for this is that parents have to conduct someway of beng responsibly protective. To support the more parents know what there children do the easier there life would be. Another way to support this example is what is that if parents dont t protect their children in any way it can lead toward dangerous consequenses. Therefore the future f your children and teens will be at risk. An example is when adults dont interact with their children and regret the troubles that they cause as Juviniles. To support the example it has been confirmed that many children who are independent, alone, and abandoned end up in either solitary confinement or homeless wiith nobody to support them in life. Another way to support the example is that most often teens who interact with other teens are tempted to follow and be the same as the other to fit in. Other than responsibility and worrying about their future parents should concern the dangers of the internet. An example for dngers of the internet would be strangers on the internet knowing your personal information. Another way to support this would be the unknown things that the stranger would do or commit. In conclusion, I agree with the arguement on monitoring your children on the internet and what they do. The spyware can act as a preservation when used in computers and can protect your children.

5 Reasons to Go Into an Allied Healthcare Career

5 Reasons to Go Into an Allied Healthcare Career maybe you want to work in healthcare, but you don’t have the option to go through intensive training or certification. there are many well-paying, exciting fields that don’t require this kind of preparation, but which can still be incredibly rewarding. there are jobs you can afford to pursue, even without a traditional college education. that being said, here are 5 reasons you should go into an allied healthcare career.1. flexibilitywhile an advanced degree can only give you an extra boost, it is not required by any means. allied healthcare positions, like being a technician or technologist, can give you great quality training- fast. you can work in all types of settings, all around the world. though each state and institution might have slightly different requirements, you’ll find it easy to move around and be eligible in different parts of the country when you need a change of scenery.2. satisfactionyou could do much worse than helping people, working side by s ide with other committed folks like you, making the world a safer and healthier place. these jobs really can make a difference in people’s lives and can be immensely fulfilling.3. securitythis field continues to grow at rates of almost 25% per year. with lower requirements and high advancement potential, these jobs provide great salaries and good staying power across a wide range of fields.4. competitionstarting salaries in this field rival positions requiring much more experience in other fields. and the benefits tend to be comparatively very generous.5. military advantagesif you have any interest in one day pursuing a career in the military, then working in the allied healthcare professions can be incredibly helpful. there are great benefits to a military career, including helping people, serving your country, and good, low-cost insurance. if you want to get working sooner rather than later, consider this route to your healthcare career!interested? apply here

CIS212 U1 Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS212 U1 Review - Essay Example This is an example of (Select all that apply.) 3) Katie’s handprint is against a record in the system that indicates that she has been assigned clearance to view the contents of secret documents. Later, at her desk, she tries to connect her folder that is Top Secret, and access is denied. This an example of 4) At the end of the day, the security personnel can view electronic log files that record the identities of everyone who entered and exited the building along with the time of day. This is an example of: 5) An administrator of a large multinational company can assign access rights and track user’s resource access from a central administrative console. Users throughout the organization can gain access to any system after providing a single username and password. This is an example of: The distinction is that the encryption algorithm is the general instruction that is applicable to data when changing it to ciphertext. On the other hand, the key refers to the real value that the algorithm uses. Whereas different ciphertext can result from the use of a different key the process of encryption is always similar. Because hashing is applicable in verification of data in a number of circumstances that involve authentication using the password. The situation involves the exchange of hashes instead of the real passwords. Both parties can then verify the file or information after the transfer is complete. According to this policy, there is a minimum character length of eight alphanumeric characters for a password. The policy states what makes up a strong password. First it incorporates both small and capital letters. Further, it is made of symbols, characters, marks for punctuation and digits 0-9 (Farrell, 2008). They should not be words in other languages, dialect, slang or jargon. Caution should be taken not to include names relating to family members or personal information. The person creating it should be in a position of

Taxation and Housing Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation and Housing Issues - Essay Example Hence, in order to understand the economic feasibility of a particular country, a close analysis of the prevailing issues on taxation and housing is necessary. This paper will critically analyze various issues pertaining to taxation and housing in the United Kingdom, United States, and United Arab Emirates. Issues relating to taxation and housing in the UK The economic spectrum of the United Kingdom indicates that taxation issues have impeded the faster growth of the country. UK holding companies have been heavily suffering from tax issues in the recent years. Corporation tax deductions are available to a UK holding company on the interest payment to investors subject to anti-avoidance policies. More details on these features can be found at . The anti-avoidance provisions including transfer pricing are increasingly complex in nature and therefore the country’s holding companies are not benefited from tax reductions. In addition, a UK holding company does not get any tax deduc tion benefit while paying dividends to investors. Similarly, the tax deductions allowed to the UK’s small scale enterprises for boosting entrepreneurship actually result in a deadweight cost. This situation adversely affects the overall growth of the economy. Over the past few years, the UK government has faced a series of issues associated with the country’s corporate tax structure. In order to resolve the limitations of its corporate tax structure, the country is changing its policy from taxing worldwide profits to a more territorial taxation approach. Irish tax issues on UK transactions remain to be a major growth impediment to the UK’s business sector. Tax evasion has been a potential issue in the UK over the last few decades, and recently the country adopted tax fraud prevention measures. When an outsider deals with purchase of real property in the UK, he has to consider a number of factors including capital gains tax, stamp duty, inheritance tax, and incom e tax. The UK housing market has been struggling with numerous issues especially since the global financial crisis 2008. As a result, even small flats are becoming unaffordable to lower class of the society. Housing sector data show that affordability of housing in the UK has been getting worse since late 1990s as house prices grew faster than earnings rate. Although most of the developed countries including the United States experienced housing price increases in the beginning of the 21st century, this issue was different in the United Kingdom in two aspects. Firstly, the country’s house prices boom began earlier as compared to other developed economies, and indicated relatively sustained increases. Secondly, the regional pattern of the country was almost uniform. As per statistical data, house prices in the United Kingdom increased by 90% between 2002 and 2007. The average age of first time home buyers is also increasing in the country. Although mortgages were increasingly available to people, mounting housing prices remains to be an issue in the country. As reported by Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2004), an additional 39,000 houses per annum were essential to meet housing requirements of the country effectively. The primary issue behind the housing market struggle in the UK is that the country does not have enough space to build new houses. In contrast, many people possess more

Self Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Reflection - Essay Example This paper aims to assess how I act and influence the group, with specific examples from my career or college life. In addition, I will provide a future vision of action that I would take in order to improve my behavior. To make my self-assessment more reasonable, I would like to describe some of my characteristics first. To start off, I am always motivated to learn more in order to gain new knowledge. Hence, I consider my job and my studies as an excellent source of knowledge. Time and energy are the two main factors that help me do things right. When I work, I try to work intelligently by focusing my energy on the task at hand to achieve my goals at the shortest time possible. I maintain the philosophy that real knowledge is not the new information but the information that will contribute in improving my behavior, and that real time is the time spent to achieve my goals. I am the type who prefers to spend more time in planning and analyzing a task than doing the actual work. For instance, when my boss gave me an assignment due after five days , I spent the first three days planning and analyzing the entire assignment while the time required to execute the plan was only one or two days. The secret behind this is my belief that there is always a better way of doing things. Having this belief and the drive to learn more led me to maintain a good standing in my job. Focusing in goals is one of the things I am proud in my career. Hence, I always schedule and note the achievement. In fact, I care more about it than the work itself! My boss was wondering how I can provide him with projects progress the moment he asks about it accurately. For that I’ve deserved to upgrade at first opportunity. Nevertheless, I still need to change some of my bad habits like stubbornness and being critical of others. Even if I am confident with my ideas and my

Negative or Bad News Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative or Bad News - Assignment Example At this point of time, we cannot hand over speakership to Ms Rivera because her technology is different from what we want to highlight in this session of Annual Conference. So we can say that specifically we have to refuse Ms Rivera about her request. It might be possible that Ms Rivera will think that we do not value our working relationships. She may also feel that her sacrifices for our company had no worth at all. She will feel down and negative about the company because she is very much willing to promote her latest technology in the High Tech Annual Conference. It can be expected that Ms Rivera will not be on the same good terms after this refusal just because we are not agree to give her company the speakership of the Annual Conference. In our case, the primary audience is Maribel Rivera, the owner of another manufacturing company who is supporting our company and this Annual Conference from last 8 years. She is always there for handling any problem. She even took the responsibility of a presentation at the last moment when one of our presenters refused to take part in the conference in the last years’ conference. It may be possible that this message will put a negative effect on our good and sound relationships. In addition to it, it is also possible that she will not attend our Annual Conference for the appreciation of technology. In order to minimize the negative impact of the message, it is quite necessary to communicate the actual reason of refusal of request in a sugarcoated manner, so that the working partner may not feel bad for it. We need to inform them about the main idea of the High Tceh Annual Conference of this year i.e. we are focusing on the Robotics and Technological interventions in medical fields. Another highlight should be the purpose of grabbing the national and international media attention. We can also tell her that if she would participate in the conference then it is quite possible that her technology is

Art Events Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art Events - Assignment Example The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is famously recognized paintings in history. It shows the story of the last supper of Jesus with his disciples. The painting is remarkable as it depicts the disciples as real human beings. In the painting, Leonardo tried to use new materials due to the thought that it would result in an extensively varied palette. In his work, Leonardo sought to illuminate the painting beyond what could traditional fresco give. He thus used unreal fresco as he was working on a dry wall. Borrowing, from the panel painting, he applied a white lead to improving on the brightness of the tempera and oil he had used on top. In conclusion, the two paintings from the two periods have certain differences that portray cultural change. The Annunciation painting has medieval painting styles. It included panel painting, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and fresco. Even though Leonardo used the fresco, it was not real forcing him to apply a white lead to improving the bright ness of the painting. In the period, which started in the late middle ages, European continent started evolving into big states controlled by monarchies. The Italian urban centers expanded due to growth of population and expansion of trade. Land paved way for money as the means of exchange thus freeing the serfs. The changes brought cultural, social, and economic changes. Literacy increased leading to the expansion of vernacular literatures that led people to adopt secular themes in their arts. The growth of wealth.

Principles of Adult Learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Adult Learning - Research Paper Example According to Malcolm Knowles, there are six tenets of understanding the adult learning; they include adults being independent and self-ruling learners, possessing an accumulation of knowledge and work related experiences, being goal oriented, relevancy-oriented, and practical, and requiring respect. Throughout this paper, I will outline a strong adult learning program. When it comes to building a strong adult learning model of instruction it is best to begin with a concrete understanding of what motivates the adult learner. As educators are aware, if students are not motivated then no learning is not taking place. As research reveals, â€Å"the following six factors are sources of adult motivation: social relationships, external expectations, social welfare, personal advancement, escape/stimulation, and cognitive interest† (Lieb, 1991). However, the most prevalent motivation for adult learners is that of career advancement or maintaining current career certificates/licenses. Teachers, for example, are required to stay abreast of current trends and best practices by completing a designated number of post-graduate credits every five years merely to maintain licensure to practice. Because professional development is the most prevalent factor of adult learner motivation, a quality instructor must adhere to four essential components including inspiration, support, maintenance, and transference. If these four components are not addressed in adult learning programs, learning is not occurring for the students. Stephen Lieb further finds that â€Å"With regards to motivation, if the participant does not recognize the need for the information, all of the instructors effort to assist the participant to learn will be in vain† (1991). For this reason, it becomes essential that instructors make it clear to their students the purpose for learning each set of skills; the learner needs to

Art Events Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art Events - Assignment Example The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is famously recognized paintings in history. It shows the story of the last supper of Jesus with his disciples. The painting is remarkable as it depicts the disciples as real human beings. In the painting, Leonardo tried to use new materials due to the thought that it would result in an extensively varied palette. In his work, Leonardo sought to illuminate the painting beyond what could traditional fresco give. He thus used unreal fresco as he was working on a dry wall. Borrowing, from the panel painting, he applied a white lead to improving on the brightness of the tempera and oil he had used on top. In conclusion, the two paintings from the two periods have certain differences that portray cultural change. The Annunciation painting has medieval painting styles. It included panel painting, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and fresco. Even though Leonardo used the fresco, it was not real forcing him to apply a white lead to improving the bright ness of the painting. In the period, which started in the late middle ages, European continent started evolving into big states controlled by monarchies. The Italian urban centers expanded due to growth of population and expansion of trade. Land paved way for money as the means of exchange thus freeing the serfs. The changes brought cultural, social, and economic changes. Literacy increased leading to the expansion of vernacular literatures that led people to adopt secular themes in their arts. The growth of wealth.

New Testament Stories Essay Example for Free

New Testament Stories Essay In the New Testament it is stated that after the capturing of John, Jesus went to the Galilee. The story about John’s arrest is not stated until considerably later in connection with his death. He was arrested at the end of his report of John’s preaching it is only simply stated and Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee. How much time had elapsed between the temptation and the return to Galilee, and what Jesus had been doing in the meantime is not stated in the testament. However the Fourth Gospel, which ignores both the baptism and the temptation, says that on the day after John’s testimony to Jesus at the Jordan he repeated it in the hearing of two of his disciples (In 1:35-42), one of whom was Andrew of Bethsaida in Galilee, and that Andrew thereupon brought his brother Simon to Jesus, who named him forthwith The Rock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After that, Jesus spent a few days in Capernaum with his mother and his brothers and his disciples and then returned to Jerusalem. But the entrance in Jerusalem was so silently the people believe that Jesus comes from the Golden Gate where it was believed the messiah would enter Jerusalem. After reaching there Jesus goes straight to the Temple, Herods Temple, and starts, without explanation, throwing over tables and driving the dove salesman and money changers from the courtyard of the Temple and stops people from bringing anything for sale through the Temple courts. The doves were used for sacrifices and the standard Greek or Roman money used by people had to be changed into special blessed Jewish or Tyrian money suitable for use.   Jesus tells everyone that Is it not written: My house will be called a house of prayer for all nations. But you have made it a den of robbers. The incident with the money changers is in all the Gospels.

Is Language An Instinct Education Essay

Is Language An Instinct Education Essay As you are reading these words, you are taking part in one of the wonders of the natural world. Linguists have continually been bewildered by language and the language debate which has been inundated with arguments by several professionals to support either the instinctive or learned side of the debate. So, in 1994 when The Language Instinct by psychologist Steven Pinker was published, it reignited the discussion. His book utilized the concepts developed by Chomsky who believed that language was instinctive due to a universal grammar- an innate design containing characteristics common to every human language. The other side of the argument builds on the theories by Karl Popper. Geoffrey Sampson (1997) and other linguists held the belief that language is developed by observing and learning from others because we are born with a blank slate. In this essay I will discuss both sides of the arguments in the hope of concluding whether or not language is an instinct. On the one hand, those who believe that language is an instinct express that language is not learned and does not depend on having had the best education. Linguistic ability is not learned like the way we learn to tell the time, or the way we learn to tie our shoelaces. Instead, it is a specialised and intricate skill which forms part of the brain, and develops in a child without conscious effort (Pinker, 2007). Behaviourists claim a childs imitation of their parents language initiates a childs language, yet there are examples of imitation which do not support this concept. Pinker (2007) uses the example that if children imitate parents then why is it that children do not imitate their parents quiet behaviour on airplanes? Chomsky (1980) produced an argument based on the poverty of the stimulus which stated that language is not learned because the information babies are exposed to is much less complex than the data and the rules they end up gaining. Therefore, it is doubtful that language is obtained through a method which consists of learning only. Instead his work suggests that a significant part of language is innate. It is important to consider the idea of universal grammar because if this is genuine and all human languages have aspects in common, then it is possible to say that language is instinctive (Schlenker, 2006). Chomsky supposed that language is innate because every language has a mutual structural basis since there is a part of the human brain which encompasses a limited set of rules, known as universal grammar, for managing language. Another argument to support the statement that language is an instinct is the idea that children invent language. Children may construct a new language, the rules of which seem to be established by that of universal grammar, when they have not been exposed to a clear and logical language. An example of this is the creation of creoles which are languages generated by children who have grown up in an environment involving the use of pidgins (languages that have progressed as a way for people to communicate when there is not a common language between them). Pinker (2007) expressed that in communities where the adults had conversed with a pidgin, the children who had only been exposed to this pidgin transformed it into a creole. The development of language by deaf children in Nicaragua is another similar example to illustrate the view that language is an instinct. In the 1980s when schools for deaf children were built, the children who first started attending the schools developed a meth od of communicating using signs, which was pidgin-like in nature. We can assume a dissociation between language and intelligence because even when intelligence is lessened language withstands. There are two particular cases which provide evidence for this and, in turn, the language instinct: when individuals have average intelligence but their language is significantly impaired; or, when individuals experience an impaired intelligence yet their language is normal. Brocas aphasics and Selective Language Impairment (SLI) patients provide evidence for the first example because they have a normal intelligence but experience extreme problems with their linguistic ability. Brocas aphasics specifically struggle with the production of language and comprehension, whereas SLI patients particularly face problems with the organisation of words into sentences (Expressive Aphasia, 2012). On the other hand, Williams syndrome patients are individuals suffering from an impaired intelligence but normal linguistics ability. Their language is even more developed than others of their age and they can converse with strangers at complete ease. However, they have a low intelligence due to abnormalities in parts of the brain including the cerebellum, right parietal cortex, and left frontal cortical areas (Williams Syndrome, 2012). Eve was not a born know-all. She was ignorant. But she was a good learner (Sampson, 1997). On the other side of the argument Geoffrey Sampson, and many others, for example, contemporary linguist Givon, believed that Pinker and Chomskys argument that language is purely instinctive is neither adequate nor plausible. The main belief expressed by Sampson (1997 or 2012) was that children can effectively learn languages because all individuals are good at learning anything that they are exposed to, it is not fixed structures in part of the brain which contain this in-built knowledge. Behaviourists vocalise that language is learned early in a childs life and consists of many complex systems. Although most children who are five years old have enough vocabulary to be able to communicate competently with others, there are individual differences between children in the capacity of their vocabulary (Blewitt, 2006). Research has found that language is linked to a childs home and school environment (Cunningham, Stanovich, West, 1994, as cited in Blewitt, 2006), and that the variety and amount of language the children are exposed to by conversations with their parents are linked to a childs vocabulary. In a study conducted in 1992 which was conducted over 2 years with visits made to children every month at their home. There were two conditions with participants from either poor families on benefits, lower middle class families (mainly occupying blue collar jobs), or upper middle class with at least one professional parent (Hart Risley, 1992, 1995, as cited in Blewitt, 2 006). All of the parents were actively engaged in playing with their children but the amount of verbal communication each group made with their child was different. In a week, consisting of 100 hours, a child with a professional parent hears 215,000 words but only 62,000 in the poorest homes. By the age of three, there was a positive correlation between the input of the parent and the language of the child. Furthermore, when the researchers looked at just one of the socioeconomic categories, therefore social class was not a factor in the result, the more language the child was exposed to, the more advanced the childs vocabulary. This provides strong support for the idea that language is learned rather than instinctive. John Locke provided the contrary view to naturists by claiming that experience is vital in the development of language. He states that a child is not born with knowledge and the concept of reason, but what is important as the child grows up is the exposure to language and so, it is by degrees he comes to be furnished with them (Sampson, 1997). This particular view which expresses that experience is the cause of all knowledge is known as empiricism. The clear objection to the view that language is instinctive instead of learned, as Chomsky and other naturists believed, is that we would expect everyone to grow up talking in the same language. However, people do not all speak the same language and the differences in the language people speak does not rely on our biological makeup. For example, if a newborn English baby grows up in Japan by Japanese speaking adoptive parents then they will become fluent in speaking Japanese speaker rather than fluent in speaking English. Without a language rich environment which nurturists see as essential for a child to develop language, a child will not acquire the capability to speak. Profoundly deaf children complete the first developmental stages towards speech such as babbling at the same time as those children who cannot hear. However, they rarely grow up into speakers because without the capability of hearing themselves or other people around them, they decrease the amountof babbling which rarely leads to word development (Kiel, 1998). In conclusion, the language debate has provoked much controversy amongst naturists and nurturists. Pinker and other naturists believe language is instinctive and their beliefs continue on from Darwins account that the gradual evolution of instincts generally by natural selection could be applied also to the human acquisition of the capacity for language () On the other hand, Sampson and other nurturists have found significant evidence to support the idea that children are born with blank slates and that it is by observation and imitation of parents and those around them that they develop the linguistic ability early in their lives until age 6-10 when children can converse effectively in challenging settings (Language Development, 2012). It is expected that a combination of an innate instinct to produce syntax with the imitation of the language of parents is the key to a child developing an extensive language.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The novel Animal Farm by George Orwell was a very interesting, complex, and informing novel. In the novel, George Orwell uses farm animals to portray people of power and the common people during the Russian Revolution. The novel starts off with Major explaining to all the animals in the farm how they are being treated wrongly and how they can over throw their owner, Mr. Jones. They finally gang up on their owner and he leaves the farm. Then they start their own farm with their own rules and commandments. Originally the two people in charge of the "Animal Farm", which they titled it, were Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon was really greedy and wanted all the power to be his, so he got the animals to turn on Snowball and make him leave the farm. After Napoleon took over the pigs started disobeying the commandments that the pigs, as well as all the other animals, organized and wrote down at the beginning of their take over. Soon the pigs have disobeyed, and/or changed every law there was from the beginning, and the pigs start acting and looking like humans. After that "Animal Farm" slowly starts to loose power and Mr. Jones takes back over. This is a style analysis of Animal Farm. Diction, language and imagery are three important elements in a style analysis. A word choice that is used a lot in the novel is "rebellion". Rebellion is a word used instead of a revolution or a war. Another word that is used a lot in the novel is "comrade". Comrade means an intimate friend or associate. Comrade is used in that form in the novel, instead of saying that someone was their friend the animals called him their comrade. "’No, comrades, a thousand times no!’"(p. 28), that quote was used when one of the animals is expressing to his friends that they will no longer take what man has to offer. Personification is the attribution of human characteristics to something

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun Ess

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin In The Sun Rolling in the Dust â€Å"Oh- so now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life- now it’s money. I guess the world really do change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (74). This quote reveals the economic struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun. Throughout the play, Mama’s views are at odds with Walter’s views. For Walter, who feels enslaved in his job and life, money is the truest freedom. To him, money seems to be the answer to everything. Money, he believes, allows people to live comfortable and carefree lives. It also seems to him that money defines a man by measuring his success and ability to provide for his family. As for Mama, anything is more valuable than material wealth. The lack of money in the Younger family inhibited the growth of success. It is not easy for people to rise whose qualities are thwarted by poverty, exactly what happened with the Younger’s. To the characters in the play, lack of money is the root of all evil. Success is absent from the Younger family due to the lack of money. It comes from dreams that have been fulfilled, but for the Younger’s, it was impossible to fulfill any dreams without money. Walter had a dream of investing money in a liquor store to raise the standard of living for his family. Even if he wasn’t successful, he would always know that he tried his best, which would give him the pride and joy of not giving up again. Unfortunately, the family had no money that he could use for investing. â€Å"Yeah. You see, this little liquor store we got in mind cost seventy-five thousand and we figured the initial investment on the place be ‘bout thirty thousand, see. T... ... friends to some financial issues. Another time when I was affected by lack of money was on my golden birthday. I was turning 5 and I had never been to India before. All I wanted to do for my birthday was go to India and see what it was like. It would’ve been like a dream come true to go. Unfortunately, my family did not have enough money at that time for all 10 of my family members to go, so I spent the birthday at home. In summary, success is not reached without the aid of money. In A Raisin in the Sun, no one was able to accomplish his or her dreams because their family lacked one thing, money. For that reason, the Younger family’s growth of success was inhibited. It is hard for people to succeed whose qualities are let down by poverty. Now days, thousands and thousands of people cannot complete their dreams for one simple reason- they have no money.

Doctor Faustus as a Play Essay

1. Characters The main characters are the Faustus, the protagonist, Mphistophilis, the villain. Apart from this we have Wagner, Good angel, evil angle, Lucifer as major characters. Chorus, Pope, The Emperor of Germany, Raymond king of Hungary, Duke of Saxony, Bruno, Duke of Vanholt, Duchess of Vanholt, Martino, Frederic, Benvolio, Valdes, Cornelius, Clown, Rogin, Dick, Vintner, Horse-course, Carter, Old Man, Scholar, Cardinals, Archbishop of Rheims, Bishops, Monks, Friars, Soldiers, Belzibub, The seven deadly sins, Devils, Spirits in the shapes of Alexander The great, of his Paramour, of Darius, and of Helen in the list of minor characters. 2. Dialogue The play was written well ahead 1830, so the colloquial prose is automatically eliminated. The dialogue in the play, Dr Faustus, is more of the thoughts of the characters instead of their actual words. For example, Faustus says, â€Å"Faustus, begin thine incantations, And try if devils will obey thy hest, Seeing thou hast pray’d and sacrific’d to them.† Here, he is alone on stage, and is talking to himself. Usually we don’t see people talking to themselves while they’re alone. However, Marlowe uses this so time of solitude as a time to tell us what Faustus is doing, which keeps up informed. Those words seems to be less natural because they sound like Faustus’ thoughts instead of his actual dialogue. An example of stage direction within the dialogue is when Mephistophilis says, ‘Faustus, thou shatl: then kneel down presently, Whilst on thy head I lay my hand, And charm thee with this magic wand.’ 3. Plot The play, Doctor Faustus, is all about Faustus, an erudite man in medicine and other knowledge known to man. However, disgruntled Faustus, not knowing where his life is heading, calls upon Lucifer and his accomplice, Mephistophilis, to instruct him the ways of magic. But they agree to be his mentors only if Faustus would sell his soul to Lucifer and be his after 24 years. Faustus agrees. He goes through trying times while he is unsure of his decision and considers repenting. But then he’s persuaded over and over again to the magic powers of the devil that were far more satisfying than the powers of heaven. 4. Conflict The conflict in Doctor Faustus is within Faustus himself, who is personified in two angles – good and evil – each trying to pull Faustus in their opposite paths. Hence, we often see that Faustus repents following the good advice of the good angle. However, the evil angle again scores its victory by infusing fear into Faustus’s heart. In the penultimate scene, Faustus is tested to give into the temptations of the seven deadly sins. We find him deceived by ‘lust’, one of the deadly sins, as he yields to the beauty of Helen, despite the advice of the old man. Even in the last scene, Faustus is spooked by the power of evil than the trust in God. His so called ‘repentance’ is the mere voice of fear than a firm prayer to God. Thus we find the prevalence of free-will and willful submission to the fears of his mind. 5. Settings Doctor Faustus stand on the verge of two eras – the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. Some aspects of the setting are distinctly medieval. For example, the world of Doctor Faustus includes heaven and hell, as did the religious dramas of the medieval period. The play, is often, lined up with supernatural characters – angels and demons, who might have stepped onstage right out of a cathedral. Like in the plays of Middle Ages, few of the background characters are in fiery pursuit of salvation. But, the setting of Doctor Faustus is also a Renaissance period – the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world – that gave rise to a cultural rebirth through the 14th to the middle of the 17th centuries. The atmosphere of the play is speculative. People are often asking question never dreamed of in the Middle Ages. For example, people are asking, ‘Is ther a hell?’ Faustus himself is seized by worldly ambitions. He is far more concerned about luxurious silk gowns and powerful war-machines than saving his soul. Was there a dividing line between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance ? The answer is there wasn’t. Both old and new ways of thinking existed side by side as people lived through a long period of transition. Transition is the key to the setting of the play. 6. Stage Direction Most of the stage direction are written within the dialogue of the script. Only few stage directions in parenthetical are the entrances, exits. â€Å"Damn’d be his soul for ever for this deed! [Exeunt all except Faustus  and Mephistopheles† Occasionally, especially during the scene involving the Pope, we find the occasional â€Å"I pledge your grace. [Snatches the cup.]†. and â€Å"Nay, then, take that. [Strikes the POPE.]† Each of these types of stage direction helps us to better understand of the action of the play. If the stage direction is in the direction, the audience not only hears what the action is about but they also get to see it. Likewise, if the stage direction is in parenthetical, then the director knows what Marlowe wants the scene to look like. 7. Scenes Allowances must be made for the shattered form in which Doctor Faustus survives. Originally, the play may have had the loose five-act structure suggested by the 1616 text. Or it may simply have been a collection of scenes or movements, as in the shorter version of 1604. In fact, the act divisions in ‘Doctor Faustus’ are the additions of later editors. Scholars have made their own decisions about the play’s probable cut-off points. That’s why no two editions of Doctor Faustus have identical act and scene numbers. 8. Theme A study in ambition, Dr. Faustus is someone who is an ‘overreacher’, a man who strives against human limitations. Faustus tries to do more than is humanly possible. He seeks to know, possess, and experience everything under the sun. There are two ways to read Doctor Faustus: First, the play glorifies ambition. Though Faustus is finally undone, his dreams emerge larger than the forces that defeat him. Second, the play criticizes ambition. Faustus falls to great depths from lofty heights. What’s more, his larger-than-life dreams are cut down to size by the pointed ironies of Mephistophilis. Thus we can say that Doctor Faustus is a great play of all the times.

Operations Management †Toyota Essay

Introduction Toyota is the leading manufacturer of automobiles in the World today. Looking back at the history of Toyota, the company was on the brink of bankruptcy by the end of 1949, however Toyota has successfully gained the status of number one car manufacturer in the World and has held onto that status even though Toyota has faced massive hurdles over the past 5 years. A major factor to the success of Toyota is due to effective Quality Management in the form of company practices that have been replicated all over the World by major organisation’s to date. Toyota engages a stringent management system based on founding principles of operations management and excellence, such as the Toyota Production System (TPS). By spearheading such programmes, Toyota has enjoyed substantial growth and worldwide success. Throughout this assignment I shall explore the importance of Toyota’s operations management schemes and measure the relative success of the overall strategic managements objectives. 1.1 The Importance of effective operations management in achieving organizational objectives of Toyota as a leading manufacturer and supplier of automobiles? Operations Management can be simply defined as the function of effectively and efficiently managing the process of production and business operations both internally and externally. A simple definition however does not do justice for the broad scope that encompasses operations management and the vital role it plays in making an organisation successful and competitive in today’s market. Companies that employ a successful operations management programme have strategic planning, tactical input and operational success. Companies that do not utilise this operations function face difficulties in market trend short sightedness and lack of competitive edge that can ultimately result in a decline of customers, loss of market share and eventual closure of the company. Operations management as a key strategy can be implemented through all facets of a company, from the front end of the company dealing with the customers, to the process side of the company dealing with developing a product or offering a service. To effectively engage operations management, is to maintain operations excellence, which in turn is the function of remaining consistent and never dropping below that set platform of quality. Toyota was a relatively unknown entity when it opened its first car dealership in the US in 1957, some 5 decades later it is the Worlds No. 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota has achieved this greatly in part due to the successful operations management practices pioneered in the organisation. These practices can be seen as a benchmark for excellence and success. Such practices, as the world renowned Toyota Production System or TPS have become a way of life in the organisation. The TPS philosophy is to provide the best quality, lowest cost and shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. The TPS incorporates an urge for effectiveness within the organisation, this has in turn driven Toyota’s success, by making Toyota effective in understanding it’s customers needs and efficiently and effectively catering for those needs. Corporate goals have trickled down throughout the company being driven by a revolutionary Toyota Production System that has secured an efficient f low of productivity from Toyota’s supply chain, to manufacturing and subsequently catering for the customers needs on both quality and value. This has given Toyota a competitive edge over other car manufacturers and has been a driving force behind its success. Once an effective quality management system is in place, it is important to maintain and improve on it, Toyota successfully does this through a process called â€Å"Kaizen.† Kaizen which literally means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† is the process of breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and quickly putting it back together, in a better way, i.e. a change for good. With the Kaizen philosophy working hand in hand with the TPS, Toyota has been able to further reduce â€Å"Waste† and improve on company processes making the organisation more efficient, more effective and more competitive. Kaizen also encourages employees to be free thinkers, which is part of a decentralised management process that encourages innovation. Kaizen constantly determines new ways to improve on processes, be it in the manufacturing facility, supply chain, identifying market trends or administration processes, kaizen as an operations management function has helped Toyota become a leading manufacturer. Another technique that can be attributed to successful strategic operations management and is a major contributor to the company’s success is the offensive strategy applied by Toyota. Toyota is a long-term planner, not necessarily responding to quarterly numbers, but rather pioneering the technological advances. A good example of this is with the Toyota Prius Hybrid, which when it was launched in 2000, the price of fuel was still reasonable comparably to todays terms. This far sightedness has guaranteed Toyota success and earned them an image of being a pioneer of Green initiatives and helped them stay one step ahead of the competition. It is fair to say that Toyota’s massive success over the past few decades is due to a constant belief in strong management principles and the continuous advancement of these principles, innovation and strategic alignment. These principles all fall under effective operations management and if it wasn’t for Toyota’s continuous strive for strategic alignment, then the company would not be as successful as it is today. 1.2 Critically evaluate the success of existing operations management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives To date, we can see that the overall effect of the operations management processes in place at Toyota is a very positive one. Toyota has become the Worlds number 1 automobile manufacturer greatly due to the processes and company principles implemented through operations management. The decentralised management philosophy has paved the way for free thinkers, innovation and has kept Toyota ahead of the game. The â€Å"Just in time† principle, one of the pillars of TPS has helped Toyota maintain a healthy production load and not overburdened itself with excess stock, therefore helping Toyota focus revenue on other streams. The principle of Kaizen has pushed Toyota to always seek to better itself and be more effective. These principles implemented by operations management can be seen in the â€Å"Global Vision Statement† of Toyota. Global Vision â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the future of mobility, enriching lives around the world with the safest and most responsible ways of moving people. Through our commitment to quality, constant innovation and respect for the planet, we aim to exceed expectations and be rewarded with a smile. We will meet our challenging goals by engaging the talent and passion of people, who believe there is always a better way.† Toyota’s goals are clearly defined in the Global Vision statement above (www.toyota.com). Toyota has in most respects met that global visions statement and maintained it through the operations management processes in place. That is the rosy side to the knock on effects of Toyota’s operation management programmes, however, there is a downside too. Toyota, being famous for cost cutting initiatives but not at the expense of quality may have taken their own philosophy too far. In 2006 and 2007 Toyota faced a problem that they believed they would never face, a problem with quality. Toyota had to recall millions of cars due to faulty components. This came in the wake of massive earnings from profitable years before the problem occurred. These profits however were earned at the expense of cost cutting techniques and expanding too fast to manage the demand meeting the stringent Toyota quality standards. The recall did tarnish Toyota’s name somewhat in the market place, but they met this problem with the initiative we have come to expect from the World’s leading and innovative car manufacturer. Toyota quickly identified the problem and addressed it. It seemed to have occurred due to rapid expansion, having to open new manufacturing facilities and not being able to train staff the â€Å"Toyota way† due to lack of t ime to meet demand. This, I’m sure has served as a valuable lesson to Toyota, and has probably resulted in inward reviewing of the current operations management model; To what extent do we reduce â€Å"waste,† how many corners can we cut before we trade off or effect the quality of our product and inevitably the image of our brand? Another hurdle Toyota faced was the devastating natural disaster in the form of an earthquake and tsunami in 2011. This catastrophe shook the whole of Japan and the World. Toyota spearheaded the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy, an integral pillar of the Toyota Production system, that simply speaking means build what you need, when you need it. The principle behind this philosophy is sound, resulting in ease of production, less storage and less overheads, however in the wake of an unforeseen natural disaster it has huge negative consequences. Japan equates to 50-60% of Toyota’s total global manufacturing capabilities and also necessitates one of its largest supply chains. Due to the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy of only manufacturing products when required, Toyota faced a shortage of automobiles and supply chain products in the wake of the natural disasters that hit Japan. Other car manufacturers that have their global operations evenly spread throughout the World and within largest target markets and that also stock up on products would have been in a better position than Toyota to deal with the natural disaster that struck them. But as an overall evaluation of the operations management processes, you would be hard fetched to not be able to stand back and admire Toyota’s global success. Toyota has grown from a relatively unknown entity, into the World’s Number 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota lost its crown as number 1 in 2011 after the devastating tsunami, but quickly bounced back to reclaim it in 2012, mainly due to its operations management processes and continuous strategic alignment. 2.1 List out top three quality initiatives and explain the importance of effective quality management and the role in achieving Toyota’s objectives Quality Management is vitally important if a company wishes to excel and compete effectively with its competition. Effective quality management can be introduced in many forms. I am going to discuss 3 of Toyota’s quality management processes that I have identified as having the most impact on overall operational excellence. Toyota Production System Kiichiro Toyoda the founder of the Toyota Automobile business firstly created the concept of â€Å"Just in time.† TPS was then further developed using this concept by Taichi Ohno the Toyota Chief of Production in the post World War 2 period. Toyota’s success as a leading automobile manufacturer is due to its unique production system. The concept of the TPS is to build the best quality, through the lowest cost, in the shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. A simple definition can be found on the Toyota website; â€Å"The Toyota Production System (TPS) was established based on two concepts: The first is called â€Å"Jidoka† (which can be loosely translated as â€Å"automation with a human touch†) which means that when a problem occurs, the equipment stops immediately, preventing defective products from being produced; The second is the concept of â€Å"Just-in-Time,† in which each process produces only what is needed by the next process in a continuous flow.† (Toyota website www.toyota-global.com). The Just-in-Time philosophy involves 3 main aspects, TAKT Time, flow production and the pull system, which work together to form the main attributes of â€Å"Just-in-Time.† As is illustrated from the Toyota Production System â€Å"House,† the TPS as an operational management function aims to create a working harmony, that eliminates waste, develops efficiency through more automation and ultimately creates a better working environment that will benefit the customer. The use of â€Å"Jidoka† promotes fewer defects and when they do occur the problem can be rooted out immediately. TPS works as a solid foundation for the other operational management processes that are in place within Toyota and is an integral part of the company’s success. (This coupled with the ease of efficiently producing the highest quality product for the customer through the â€Å"Just-in-Time† philosophy has helped Toyota in achieving its objectives of being a leading manufacturer of the highest quality products. Kaizen Kaizen is a major factor when considering lean production techniques. The definition of Kaizen, which means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† which equates to the meaning â€Å"A change for good,† literally is the process of making something better. Kaizen means breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and then putting it back together. A kaizen activity can last up to 5 days, in which a team is put to work to identify and significantly improve a process, through planning and then implementing it. A kaizen activity can result from a problem being identified or a need to improve on an aspect of the company manufacturing or process. The philosophy of Kaizen entails a process called â€Å"Gemba,† which is used for when a problem occurs, Toyota promotes going to the source of the problem, or going to the â€Å"Gemba†. Due to the automation or Jidoka in place, when a problem arises it is almost immediately identified and therefore less manufacturing defects arise. Gemba also encourages rooting out any problems straight away, it also entails developing a quick on the spot solution for an occurrence, until an effective one can be devised through the process of Kaizen. The technique of kaizen has been utilised by Toyota in developing a way of life within the organisation. Kaizen is promoted in every level and facet of the organisation. Employees are encouraged to be free thinkers and to constantly improve on processes, manufacturing techniques, time saving techniques and waste management. This has been fundamental in developing Toyota as a high quality and reliable brand name. The process of Kaizen is one of the top quality management initiatives that have been instrumental in Toyota reaching the top spot it enjoys today and of course maintaining that effectiveness. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a major contribution to the success of a company, or be it the failure if the SCM function is not effective. Toyota has a unique philosophy when it comes to managing their supply chain. Toyota considers suppliers as partners and therefore invests in them. Toyota carefully manages its supply chain, making sure that the complete process works on a pull system, pulling products from the supply chain and into the manufacturing cycle only when it is required. Toyota can even loan out workers and higher management to overlook the supply chain operations when demand is high. Toyota works on joint understanding and trust and encourages relationship-building exercises that add to the sleekness functioning of the whole process of working with and dealing with Toyota. By developing long-term partnerships, the suppliers become a part of the Toyota team and fit into the â€Å"Toyota way,† which in turn makes them a more effective partner for Toyota. In o rder to stay competitive Toyota encourages the lean manufacturing principle throughout its supply chain, giving the highest quality product, at the lowest cost in the shortest lead-time. Through this investment and relationship building, Toyota has created a SCM system that can be relied on for both quality and efficiency. Toyota has developed a strategy for every aspect of the supply chain from logistics, to quality management, just in time and lean production. Toyota, knowing it is solely responsible for its supply chain in its customer’s eyes, has effectively developed the supply chain to become a part of Toyota itself. Because of such attention to detail and effective operations management techniques Toyota has realised its goals of becoming a leading manufacturer of automobiles and has maintained that position greatly in part by maintaining a consistency of quality by ensuring their supply chain is always efficient and effective. 2.2 Discuss the level of success of existing quality management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives Toyota has grown to see enormous worldwide success, due to its constant quest for excellence. The most visible part of this drive for excellence is Toyota’s manufacturing philosophy the Toyota Production System (TPS). The foundation for Toyota’s strategic management objectives can be seen in this Quote. Waste (â€Å"muda† in Japanese) is ‘anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and worker’s time, which are absolutely essential to add value to the product.’ — Shoichiro Toyoda Founder, Toyota It has and always will be the underlying principle of Toyota to cut down on waste and deliver the best quality product in the most efficient way, which means developing a smooth obstacle free manufacturing process, with little waste and inventory. Toyota achieved its strategic management objectives through revolutionary cutting edge operations management techniques that have been replicated all over the World. These principles of lean manufacturing drastically reduce â€Å"Costs† that are associated with holding inventory, equipment, material, people resources and save time, which in itself has a value. This has successfully helped Toyota to become more competitive and increase its net profit making it a strong and durable leading automobile manufacturer. Conclusion After World War 2, Toyota was faced with the reality that change was necessary if it wanted to succeed and grow into an automobile manufacturer that could compete with the World’s giants such as Ford. If it weren’t for the Operations Management processes implemented and fine-tuned over the years then Toyota would never have got off the ground. It is evident that the constant strategic goal of operating more efficiently has been the crucial factor in Toyota’s success, coupled with the decentralised management philosophy, allowing the company to freely think and improve itself from an operational standing. Today, Toyota stands as an educational example of strategic excellence and a success story for people and companies to admire throughout the World. Reference http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr_initiatives/corporate_governance.html http://www.toyota-global.com/investors/ir_library/annual/pdf/2011/p35_37.pdf http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2423 http://mediabuzz.monster.com/news/articles/944-toyota-a-once-mighty-brand-tarnished-how-it-all-went-wrong http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2011/04/08/japan-quake-tsunami-take-heavy-toll-on-toyota/ http://www.advancebusinessconsulting.com/advance!/strategic-alignment/strategi c-alignment-business-cases/the-rise-of-toyota.aspx Toyota Scm .slidesContainer img { border: none } var slideshare_object = { flagging: {"update_url":"https://www.slideshare.net/main/flag?slideshow_id=5704145","is_flagged":false}, user: {"userGroup":"non-member","login":"guest","id":null,"loggedin":false,"name":null,"is_valid_fbuser":false,"fb_userid":null,"is_pro":"false","su":false,"is_test_user":false,"has_uploads":null,"is_li_connected":false,"is_li_auto_created_user":false,"show_li_connect_cta":false,"has_privacy_enabled":null,"li_tracking_url":"https://www.linkedin.com/li/track"}, timer: { start: (new Date()).getTime(), end: '', execTime: '' }, top_nav: { get_url: "/top_nav"}, li_bar: {get_url: "/li_bar"}, dev: false, init: [], feature_flag: [], is_ssl: true, rum_pagekey: "desktop_slideview_embed_code_loggedout", slideshow: { id: 5704145, is_clickgen_enabled: 'false', clickgen_url: '' } }; var _jspl = {} _jspl.pageInitTime = (new Date()).getTime(); window._gaq = []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount','UA-2330466-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', '.slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_addIgnoredRef', 'slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 2, 'document_referrer', document.referrer]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/embedPlayerView']); (function(){ // google analytics var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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